Supporters of opposing political camps are equally likely to interact in a friendly or hostile manner.

3: Yes, to noticeable extent. Supporters of opposing political camps are more likely to interact in a hostile than friendly manner.

4: Yes, to a large extent. Supporters of opposing political camps generally interact in a hostile manner.

2e:T426,Details on methodology can be found in the codebook. 3.15.1.1 Political polarization (C) (v2cacamps) Project Manager(s): Sebastian Hellmeier Additional versions: *_osp, *_ord, *_codelow, *_codehigh, *_sd, *_mean, *_nr Question: Is society polarized into antagonistic, political camps? Clarification: Here we refer to the extent to which political differences affect social relationships beyond political discussions. Societies are highly polarized if supporters of opposing political camps are reluctant to engage in friendly interactions, for example, in family functions, civic associations, their free time activities and workplaces Scale: Ordinal, converted to interval by the measurement model. Data release: 10-15. Cross-coder aggregation: Bayesian item response theory measurement model (see V-Dem Methodology). Country–Year Aggregation: Day-weighted mean Citation: Pemstein et al. (2025); V-Dem Codebook (see suggested citation at the top of this document). Years: 1900-2024 More information available on https://v-dem.net/documents/55/codebook.pdf 31:T7c4,

Political Polarisation overtime in China and the United States.

Political polarisation refers to the extent to which political differences affect social relationships beyond political discussions. Societies are highly polarized if supporters of opposing political camps are reluctant to engage in friendl

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Political Polarisation in China and USA